Rangeland Ecology & Management
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- Library Collection RecordObservation is a simple method of acquiring information and is a critical step in the scientific method for both developing and investigating testable hypotheses. Cameras have long played a role in…Publication Date 2017
- Arizona
- cattle
- elk
- grazing
- riparian
- time-lapse photography
- Library Collection RecordConservation of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) systems is one of the most difficult and pressing concerns in western North America. Sagebrush obligates, such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus…Publication Date 2015-09
- case study
- greater sage-grouse
- livestock grazing
- sagebrush management
- Utah
- Wyoming
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1964-03-01
- Quercus turbinella
- dry weight
- Sprout Growth
- Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest
- Shurb Live Oak
- Season of Burning
- top removal
- Mechanical Top Removal
- Chemical Spraying
- 2,3,6-TBA
- Fresh Weight
- Pairs
- chaparral
- burning
- grazing capacity
- herbicides
- Silvex
- perennial grasses
- clipping
- reseeding
- vigor
- chemical treatments
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordMany nonnative invasive grasses alter fire regimes to their own benefit and the detriment of native organisms. In southern Arizona the nonnative Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees)…Publication Date 2011-07-01
- Arizona
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- invasive grasses
- Lehmann lovegrass
- livestock grazing
- native plants
- Library Collection RecordAn experimental design required burn treatments for 10-m2 circular plots. We constructed a fire enclosure for the plots using sheetmetal, electrical conduit, and other commonly available materials.…Publication Date 2003-05-01
- peak temperature
- experimental rigs
- field experimentation
- soil temperature
- fire ecology
- prescribed burning
- range management
- botanical composition
- Nevada
- Utah
- fire
- Great Basin
- sagebrush
- burn barrell
- temperature
- temperature monitoring
- Library Collection RecordThe mechanisms responsible for soil-N-mediated species replacement of native perennial grasses by the invasive annual grasses cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-…Publication Date 2003-05-01
- dry matter partitioning
- Elymus multisetus
- nutrient utilization
- nutrient partitioning
- nitrate fertilizers
- soil nutrients
- ammonium fertilizers
- Taeniatherum caput-medusae
- Elymus elymoides
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- endemic species
- shoots
- Bromus tectorum
- nitrogen
- tillers
- plant competition
- invasive species
- Utah
- grasses
- native perennial grass
- invasive annual grass
- nitrogen availability
- nitrogen form
- carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N)
- seedling development
- root development
- Library Collection RecordMonitoring processes that affect plant population dynamics and determine community structure is central in forest restoration ecology. To study effects of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (…Publication Date 2003-07-01
- artificial regeneration
- flowering
- Cervus elaphus nelsoni
- Ceanothus
- Ceanothus fendleri
- forest thinning
- understory
- plant morphology
- Pinus ponderosa
- branches
- Odocoileus hemionus
- biomass
- browsing
- Arizona
- ecological restoration
- Ceanothus fendleri
- stem morphology
- flower production
- Cervus elaphus
- Odocoileus hemionus
- Library Collection RecordUnderstanding landscape conversion is vital for assessing the impacts of ecological and anthropogenic disturbances at regional and global scales. Since rangelands cover nearly half of the global land…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- environmental degradation
- land use change
- anthropogenic activities
- vegetation cover
- urbanization
- shrublands
- landscape ecology
- Prosopis
- image analysis
- urban areas
- rural areas
- remote sensing
- vegetation types
- semiarid zones
- botanical composition
- rangelands
- grasses
- Arizona
- land conversion
- landscape indices
- fire suppression
- rangeland maintenance
- semiarid
- grasslands
- Library Collection RecordA growth function for range calves is estimated using a polynomial function of calf age that accounts for weather variation, sex, prior calf weights relative to a norm, and a compensatory gain factor…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- slaughter weight
- herd size
- cow-calf operations
- birth weight
- geographical variation
- carrying capacity
- production costs
- liveweight gain
- calves
- gender differences
- Hereford
- profitability
- feed supplements
- precipitation
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- optimal calf sale weight
- livestock supplementation effects
- livestock marketing
- polynomial age growth function
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordEnvironmental concerns of using pesticides on public lands have greatly reduced the use of herbicides to control tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi Huth). An alternative method of control used…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- application methods
- ammonium nitrate
- ammonium fertilizers
- mechanism of action
- sodium chloride
- Delphinium barbeyi
- ammonium sulfate
- weed control
- mortality
- application rates
- Utah
- Colorado
- poisonous plants
- Delphinium barbeyi
- weed control
- herbicides
- fertilizer
- ammonium sulfate
- ammonium nitrate
- sodium chloride
- Library Collection RecordSeveral U.S. rangeland areas recently have been designated as national monuments to protect scientifically or culturally important resources. Typically recreation and livestock uses have been…Publication Date 2003-11-01
- recreation areas
- recreation users
- sociodemographic characteristics
- land use
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordTrue mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus Raf.) compensates for annual growth lost to browsing under conditions of high resource availability. To develop better guidelines for its management for…Publication Date 2003-11-01
- compensatory growth
- plant growth
- Utah
- Cercocarpus montanus
- browsing
- twig demography
- utilization
- grading optimization
- herbivory
- shrubs
- mountain brush
- exclosures
- Cercocarpus montanus
- Library Collection RecordTrue mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus Raf.) provides nutritional winter forage for big game species in the mountain brush zone. To determine browsing effects, animal use, percent vegetation…Publication Date 2003-11-01
- Utah
- canopy
- Cercocarpus montanus
- browsing
- wildlife food habits
- plant characteristics
- utilization
- grazing
- big game
- winter range
- herbivory
- mountain brush
- exclosures
- moose
- deer
- elk
- pronghorn
- Library Collection RecordMontezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae Vigors) are closely associated with oak woodlands (Quercus spp.). Livestock grazing and cover availability are considered important factors affecting Montezuma…Publication Date 2004-09-01
- Arizona
- Cyrtonyx montezumae
- grazing
- habitat selection
- livestock
- Madrean evergreen woodland
- Montezuma quail
- Library Collection RecordA 20-year set of cover data on sagebrush semi-desert plant communities responding to wildfire and livestock grazing near Mills in central Utah provided an opportunity to compare the assumptions and…Publication Date 2002-03-01
- alluvial land
- data analysis
- seral stages
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- annuals
- wildfire management
- Salsola tragus
- experimental design
- range condition
- ecological succession
- perennials
- fires
- fire effects
- Bromus tectorum
- forbs
- precipitation
- grazing intensity
- Artemisia tridentata
- plant communities
- shrubs
- Utah
- canopy
- grasses
- community dynamics
- Clementsian model
- state-and-transition models
- ordination
- trend
- conditions
- Library Collection RecordThe Walker Basin Allotment grazing system in central Arizona is designed to allocate resource use under elk (Cervus elaphus L.) and cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing. The grazing system was designed to…Publication Date 2002-07-01
- feeding habits
- stubble
- topography
- woodland grasslands
- rotational grazing
- Pascopyrum smithii
- Cervus elaphus canadensis
- wildlife management
- canopy
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- plant height
- Arizona
- deferred grazing
- paired-plot
- rest rotation
- stubble height
- western wheatgrass
- Library Collection RecordWhite locoweed (Oxytropis sericea Nutt. in TG) is widespread throughout the short-grass prairies and mountain grasslands and causes chronic poisoning of cattle, sheep, and horses. The objective of…Publication Date 2002-07-01
- leaf length
- flowering head height
- cutting height
- indolizidine alkaloids
- leaf area
- swainsonine
- age differences
- Oxytropis sericea
- stems
- mortality
- vigor
- precipitation
- drought
- Utah
- New Mexico
- Colorado
- plant height
- chemical constituents of plants
- poisonous plants
- white locoweed
- Oxytropis sericea
- poisonous plants
- population cycle
- Library Collection RecordBroom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. Rusby) is one of the most widespread range weeds in North America. The objective of this study was to monitor broom snakeweed populations in the…Publication Date 2002-07-01
- Pleuraphis jamesii
- Hilaria
- age structure
- leaf area
- poisonous weeds
- Agropyron desertorum
- invasion
- population dynamics
- Gutierrezia sarothrae
- Idaho
- precipitation
- shrubs
- plant density
- drought
- plant competition
- invasive species
- Utah
- grasses
- poisonous plants
- broom snakeweed
- Gutierrezia sarothrae
- population cycle
- poisonous plants
- Library Collection RecordA 2-year field experiment was undertaken to quantify the interacting effects of a late-spring prescribed burn and summer rainfall on seasonal runoff and erosion in a southern Arizona grassland. Six…Publication Date 2003-01-01
- Lycurus
- perennial bunchgrasses
- soil water movement
- Muhlenbergia
- soil density
- Eragrostis
- Bouteloua
- water erosion
- semiarid grasslands
- rain
- runoff
- prescribed burning
- rainfall simulators
- plant communities
- sediment yield
- grasses
- bulk density
- Arizona
- Arizona
- sediment yield
- summer rainfall
- Library Collection RecordPeriodic summer rainstorms in some semi-arid regions result in variable soil moisture and differential establishment of seeded species. A 2-year study investigated soil water effects on germination…Publication Date 2003-01-01
- Muhlenbergia porteri
- Bothriochloa barbinodis
- drying front
- choice of species
- Leptochloa dubia
- Eragrostis intermedia
- Leptochloa
- revegetation plants
- Digitaria californica
- adventitious roots
- recruitment
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Eragrostis
- semiarid grasslands
- seedling emergence
- drought tolerance
- rain
- species differences
- soil water content
- summer
- seed germination
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- Arizona
- warm season
- desert grasslands
- rangeland revegetation
- drought tolerance
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Bothriochloa barbinodis
- Leptochloa dubia
- Digitaria californica
- Muhlenbergia porteri
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- Eragrostis intermedia
- Eragrostis lehanniana X tricophera
- Library Collection RecordAfter wildfires in 1996 in the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.–Juniperus spp.) zones of west-central Utah, the USDI-BLM attempted to reduce soil erosion and cheatgrass…Publication Date 2003-01-01
- aerial sowing
- revegetation plants
- erosion control
- rehabilitation
- biodiversity
- Elytrigia intermedia subsp. intermedia
- sowing
- wildfire management
- sown grasslands
- Artemisia
- species diversity
- Agropyron cristatum
- weed control
- fires
- fire effects
- Bromus tectorum
- plant communities
- botanical composition
- Pinus
- Juniperus
- plant competition
- invasive species
- Utah
- Elytrigia elongata
- Bureau of Land Management
- rehabilitation
- chaining
- serial seeding
- plant material
- cheatgrass
- Library Collection RecordThe role of livestock grazing and big-game browsing in the decline of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the Intermountain West has long been questioned. All known aspen exclosures (n=8) on the…Publication Date 2000-03-01
- natural regeneration
- national forests
- understory
- Populus tremuloides
- grazing intensity
- Odocoileus hemionus
- Cervus elaphus canadensis
- botanical composition
- Utah
- grazing
- beef cattle
- Populus tremuloides communities
- reproduction
- decline
- cattle grazing
- deer browsing
- elk browsing
- undergrowth
- Library Collection RecordWildlife water developments have been constructed and maintained throughout the arid western United States to benefit big game and upland gamebird populations. There is debate, however, over possible…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- drinkers
- birds of prey
- water resources
- game birds
- coyotes
- predator-prey relationships
- wildlife management
- Arizona
- carnivores
- desert ecology
- raptors
- predator-prey relationships
- ungulates
- wildlife management
- Library Collection RecordSiberian wheatgrass [Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy] is known for its establishment and persistence on sandy soils under severe water limitations. Morphology, cytology, and forage and seed…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- inflorescences
- plant morphology
- Agropyron desertorum
- genetic variation
- seedling emergence
- drought tolerance
- protein content
- seed weight
- tetraploidy
- stand establishment
- Agropyron fragile
- seed productivity
- width
- plant genetic resources
- Kazakhstan
- seed years
- Agropyron cristatum
- cultivars
- biomass production
- Utah
- dry matter
- crested wheatgrass
- morphology
- meiosis
- chromosome pairing
- taxonomy
- forage and see characteristics
- Library Collection RecordThis paper reports on the results of a 3-year field study of the effects of spring/summer burning and cattle grazing on wintering sparrows in the grasslands of southeastern Arizona. The effects of…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- ammodramus bairdii
- ammodramus savannarum ammolegus
- aimophila cassinnii
- passerculus sandwichensis
- wild birds
- pooecetes gramineus
- prescribed burning
- grazing intensity
- wildlife management
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- birds
- conservation
- bird-banding
- Library Collection RecordRobust needlegrass (Achnatherum robustum [Vasey] Barkw. = Stipa robusta [Vasey] Scribn.) is a high-biomass rangeland species that is adapted to warmer temperatures and matures later than most cool-…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- New Mexico
- Arizona
- Colorado
- beef cattle
- forage
- Stipa
- dry matter
- feed intake
- feeding preferences
- plant height
- zero grazing
- Elytrigia elongata
- Acremonium
- endophytes
- Leymus chinensis
- ergot alkaloids
- ergometrine
- fungi
- roadside plants
- green fodders
- lysergic acid amide
- Stipa robusta
- Achnatherum robustum
- Acremonium
- ergonovine
- lysergic acid amide
- narcosis
- Neotyphodium
- sleepygrass
- Stipa robusta
- Library Collection RecordForage use data can help rangeland and wildlife managers make informed decisions. However, managers need to know if forage use techniques that are commonly used to estimate ungulate herbivory under…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- experimental plots
- height-weight curve methods
- paired-plot method
- growth curve
- regression analysis
- equations
- Cervus elaphus
- selective grazing
- Pascopyrum smithii
- biomass
- range management
- beef cattle
- forage
- plant height
- Arizona
- height-weight
- herbivory
- paired-plot
- stubble height
- Library Collection RecordFrequent and intense defoliation of grasses has been associated with the evolution of "grazing morphotypes" that exhibit a variety of vegetative traits correlated with improved grazing…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- apomixis
- selection pressure
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- inflorescences
- plant morphology
- seed productivity
- genetic effects
- grazing
- Arizona
- Bouteloua
- defoliation tolerance
- evolution
- grazing resistance
- Library Collection RecordConditioned food aversions are a potentially useful tool to eliminate consumption of some toxic plants by livestock. This study examined consumption of pine needles (Pinus ponderosa Lawson) in South…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- group behavior
- lithium chloride
- social facilitation
- pregnancy
- avoidance conditioning
- conifer needles
- Pinus ponderosa
- South Dakota
- beef cows
- Oregon
- Utah
- feed intake
- diet selection
- cattle diets
- abortion
- Pinus ponderosa
- Library Collection RecordIn Utah during the early 1990s it was theorized that substantive change was under way in the management of private grazing land. Change was thought to be spearheaded by grazing permittees who feared…Publication Date 2001-03-01
- part-time farming
- farm indebtedness
- farm surveys
- grazing tenancy
- public domain
- irrigated pastures
- risk
- investment
- land ownership
- ranching
- farmers' attitudes
- age
- range management
- rangelands
- Utah
- ranching
- hobby ranching
- land use
- technology transfer
- sustainable agriculture
- Library Collection RecordIn recent times, pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands have expanded into large portions of the Southwest historically occupied by grassland vegetation. From 1997-1998, we studied…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- wild birds
- pinyon-juniper
- frequency
- grasslands
- species diversity
- ecological succession
- woodlands
- establishment
- botanical composition
- Pinus
- Juniperus
- Arizona
- Juniperus monosperma
- grasslands
- pinyon-juniper
- Arizona
- southwestern U.S.
- avian communities
- succession
- Library Collection RecordThe cover of native and non-native introduced plants was compared between seeded (reclaimed) ski runs and adjacent or nearby unseeded (control) areas at a managed ski area in northern Arizona to…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- sowing
- disturbed soils
- skiing
- topsoil
- soil degradation
- ground cover
- grasslands
- reclamation
- species diversity
- introduced species
- botanical composition
- Arizona
- disturbance
- reclamation
- ski runs
- non-native species
- richness
- Library Collection RecordUtilization of plant above ground biomass has continued to be a critical yet difficult assessment in rangeland monitoring. Shrub size and woody structure further compound the measurement of shrub…Publication Date 2001-07-01
- aerial photography
- reflectance
- methodology
- leaves
- evaluation
- image analysis
- remote sensing
- shrubs
- defoliation
- Utah
- browsing
- grazing
- remote sensing
- vegetation inventory
- photography
- Library Collection RecordPrey selection by mountain lions (Puma concolor) in the Aravaipa-Klondyke area in southeastern Arizona was studied from February 1991 to September 1993. Overall diet as determined from frequency of…Publication Date 1999-05-01
- Puma concolor
- prey
- tayassu tajacu
- montane forests
- predator-prey relationships
- predation
- predator control
- semiarid grasslands
- population density
- calves
- diet
- Odocoileus
- seasonal variation
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordAn understanding of overstory-understory relationships in southwestern oak woodlands is important for predicting response of these systems to disturbance or manipulation. The objective of this study…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- Quercus emoryi
- Magnoliopsida
- C4 grasses
- C3 grasses
- understory
- woodland grasslands
- rain
- Poaceae
- biomass
- canopy
- grasses
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordPerformance of cow-calf (Bos taurus) and ewe-lamb (Ovisaries) units was compared under multispecies versus single-species grazing and deferred-rotation versus continuous stocking during a 10-year…Publication Date 1999-09-01
- grazing season
- land productivity
- mixed grazing
- seasons
- lambs
- ewes
- performance
- liveweight gain
- calves
- continuous grazing
- stocking rate
- beef cows
- rotational grazing
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordSevere livestock losses caused by tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) consumption have caused many producers to try various preventative measures, including the use of mineral-salt supplementation. The…Publication Date 1998-09-01
- dose response
- dosage
- training (animals)
- poisoning
- Delphinium barbeyi
- dietary mineral supplements
- barley
- cattle
- Utah
- feed intake
- Library Collection RecordBurning of vegetation generally increases surface runoff and erosion and potentially can change the nutrient dynamics of an ecosystem with loss of nutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- nitrogen
- runoff
- prescribed burning
- sandy loam soils
- potassium
- rainfall simulators
- gravelly soils
- phosphorus
- biomass
- losses from soil
- range management
- plant litter
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordSquirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey] is a native cool-season grass that has been observed to invade rangelands dominated by the weedy annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and…Publication Date 1998-09-01
- net assimilation rate
- greenhouses
- Taeniatherum caput-medusae
- Elymus elymoides
- colonizing ability
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- leaf area
- seedling growth
- roots
- ratios
- Agropyron desertorum
- shoots
- seedlings
- Bromus tectorum
- Idaho
- growth rate
- biomass
- Utah
- Colorado
- dry matter
- Library Collection RecordDespite large efforts to generate and extend management innovations for rangeland operators, little is known about the degree to which practices are used. We determined what influenced use of 26…Publication Date 1999-01-01
- socioeconomic status
- innovation adoption
- farm surveys
- farmers' income
- livestock numbers
- public domain
- ranching
- range management
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordBoth the Society for Range Management's (1995) Task Group on Unity in Concepts and Terminology (UCT) and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (1997) have recommended use of the ecological…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- land classification
- semi-desert scrub
- landscape ecology
- geographic information systems
- texture
- pinyon-juniper
- semiarid grasslands
- fire ecology
- slope
- range management
- botanical composition
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordEstimates of forage use are often the basis for important management decisions (e.g., determining carrying capacity and setting stocking rates). Using both hypothetical and field data, we examine the…Publication Date 1999-03-01
- sample plot technique
- data analysis
- representative sampling
- estimation
- yields
- plant communities
- Cervus elaphus canadensis
- rangelands
- Utah
- forage
- Library Collection RecordTo define alfalfa crop loss from depredating mule deer, the spotlight count and paired plot techniques were applied in 12 fields located throughout Utah. Protected and grazed plots were used to…Publication Date 1998-01-01
- enumeration
- crop losses
- alfalfa
- Odocoileus hemionus
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordThe larkspur mirid (Hopplomachus affiguratus) is host specific to tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi Huth). These insects suck cell solubles from leaves and reproductive racemes, causing flowers to…Publication Date 1997-07-01
- hopplomachus affiguratus
- prevention
- damage
- biological control agents
- leaves
- poisoning
- flowers
- Delphinium barbeyi
- cattle
- Utah
- grazing
- feeding preferences
- poisonous plants
- Library Collection RecordWe studied the diets of desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki Mearns) at 3 sites in Arizona and collated this information with that of previous diet studies of desert mule deer across their…Publication Date 1997-09-01
- odocoileus hemionus crooki
- xerophytes
- browse plants
- diet
- Odocoileus hemionus
- seasonal variation
- botanical composition
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordA series of summer grazing studies were conducted to evaluate cattle consumption of preflowering tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi [Huth] or D. occidentale [Wats.] Wats.) on mountain rangeland in…Publication Date 1997-07-01
- concentration
- Delphinium occidentale
- leaves
- alkaloids
- poisoning
- flowers
- Delphinium barbeyi
- Idaho
- cattle
- range management
- Utah
- grazing
- Colorado
- poisonous plants
- Library Collection RecordSeed production of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) plants established from containerized seedlings was compared to plants established by direct seeding. A garden of 'Hobble Creek…Publication Date 1997-11-01
- seed production
- container-grown plants
- root systems
- mortality
- Artemisia tridentata
- biomass
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordDespite extensive coverage and long-term use, the extent to which shadscale [Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. &Frem.) Wats.] community dynamics are driven by grazing rather than by climate and…Publication Date 1998-03-01
- artemisia spinescens
- Hilaria
- Sporobolus cryptandrus
- Achnatherum hymenoides
- Atriplex confertifolia
- rain
- Krascheninnikovia lanata
- sheep
- biomass
- seasonal variation
- Utah
- canopy
- grazing
- Library Collection RecordWe conducted an experiment to determine the effects of a rust disease on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) seed production. We ranked 760 plants as to disease intensily in an established…Publication Date 1995-09-01
- seed set
- yield losses
- Puccinia
- rust diseases
- puccinia tanaceti
- Artemisia tridentata
- Utah
- Library Collection RecordThe objectives of this study were to identify a Site Conservation Threshold, the point at which accelerated erosion occurs, and to examine the usefulness of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP…Publication Date 1996-05-01
- water erosion
- rill erosion
- ground cover
- semiarid grasslands
- highlands
- mathematical models
- loam soils
- clay soils
- range condition
- rain
- biomass
- sediment yield
- range management
- plant litter
- Arizona