Rangeland Ecology & Management
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- Library Collection RecordThe invasive annual grass medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) poses a substantial threat to the health and function of rangelands across the western United States. On rangelands…Publication Date 2017
- Annual Grassland
- California
- Dirichlet regression
- Elymus caput-medusae
- invasive plant management
- multistate modeling
- Library Collection RecordLarge grazing animals can have profound impacts on plant communities and soil properties; however, these impacts are not always uniform across or within regions. The distribution of features such as…Publication Date 2017
- California
- exotic annual grasses
- indicator species
- native versus exotic species
- oak savanna
- plant community composition
- Quercus agrifolia
- Quercus lobata
- Library Collection RecordThe science underpinning targeted grazing has been advancing for decades, supporting a major paradigm shift concerning the role of grazing in addressing critical natural resource management…Publication Date 2017
- California
- medusahead
- native plants
- prescribed grazing
- Library Collection RecordObservation is a simple method of acquiring information and is a critical step in the scientific method for both developing and investigating testable hypotheses. Cameras have long played a role in…Publication Date 2017
- Arizona
- cattle
- elk
- grazing
- riparian
- time-lapse photography
- Library Collection RecordThe natural Andean vegetation environment is the most important resource available to local pastoralist economies. Knowledge of its attributes is vital in assessing ecosystem properties and improves…Publication Date 2017
- biomass
- puna
- shrubs
- tussocks
- vegetation
- Library Collection RecordInvasive plant response to control efforts is strongly modified by site-specific factors, treatment timing, and environmental conditions following treatment, making management outcomes challenging to…Publication Date 2015-05
- Annual Grassland
- California
- ecosystem services
- invasive
- restoration
- seeding
- Library Collection RecordGovernance plays a key role in rangeland management. In China, all rangeland, including pastoral land and agro-pastoral land, is owned by the State. Since 1980, use rights have been granted to…Publication Date 2015-03
- agro-pastoral region
- Community participation
- family income
- livestock
- rangeland governance
- vegetation
- Library Collection RecordThe interaction of resource availability and disturbance can strongly affect plant species richness and the spread of exotic plants. Several ecological theories posit that disturbance mediates the…Publication Date 2014-11
- California
- camera trap
- Festuca perennis
- grazing intensity
- invasive species
- principal response curves
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1964-03-01
- stenoptera
- Nitrogen Response
- Eagle Ranch
- Phalaris tuberosa
- San Luis Obispo County
- ammonium sulfate
- Bromus mollis
- annuals
- Soft Chess
- mixed stand
- winter range
- Harding grass
- fertilizer
- Differential
- perennials
- yields
- grasses
- California
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1964-03-01
- Quercus turbinella
- dry weight
- Sprout Growth
- Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest
- Shurb Live Oak
- Season of Burning
- top removal
- Mechanical Top Removal
- Chemical Spraying
- 2,3,6-TBA
- Fresh Weight
- Pairs
- chaparral
- burning
- grazing capacity
- herbicides
- Silvex
- perennial grasses
- clipping
- reseeding
- vigor
- chemical treatments
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1964-05-01
- Chemical Removal
- Blue Oak
- Grass Woodland Cover
- Botanical Botanical Evaluations
- Basal Frill Method
- ripgut
- Wild Oats
- Hopland Field Station
- Soft Chess
- Quercus douglasii
- forage yield
- yield
- composition
- quality
- 2,4-D
- forage
- species composition
- California
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1964-07-01
- Southern Great Plains
- Woodward
- precipitation
- forage production
- soil moisture
- evaporation
- soil profiles
- intensity
- duration
- water intake
- bulk density
- water retention
- Southern Plains Experimental Range
- Differential
- Sandy Range
- nitrogen content
- Cattle Stocking Rates
- Flow Patterns
- transpiration
- Soil Charactersitics
- water holding capacity
- Penetrometer Pressure
- Ranifall
- Useable Soil Moisture
- Sod Forming Grasses
- vegetation
- frequency
- Oklahoma
- bunchgrasses
- Library Collection RecordMany nonnative invasive grasses alter fire regimes to their own benefit and the detriment of native organisms. In southern Arizona the nonnative Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees)…Publication Date 2011-07-01
- Arizona
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- invasive grasses
- Lehmann lovegrass
- livestock grazing
- native plants
- Library Collection RecordMature chaparral vegetation in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, resulting from long fire-return intervals (50-70 yr), has resulted in reduced visibility and availability and quality of forage,…Publication Date 2008-11-01
- California
- chaparral
- fire
- habitats
- mountain sheep
- Ovis canadensis
- restoration
- Library Collection RecordForty paired sites were examined on the mixed-grass prairie of northeastern Montana to compare the effects of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies on native range vegetation.…Publication Date 2004-11-01
- Cynomys ludovicianus
- vegetation
- nutrition
- herbivory
- Library Collection RecordForage quality affects physiological condition, population dynamics, habitat use, and distribution of ungulates. We studied how rainfall, temperature, forage biomass, and forage growth are related to…Publication Date 2005-07-01
- California
- Odocoileus hemionus eremicus
- plant growth
- plant biomass
- Sonoran Desert
- Library Collection RecordMonitoring processes that affect plant population dynamics and determine community structure is central in forest restoration ecology. To study effects of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (…Publication Date 2003-07-01
- artificial regeneration
- flowering
- Cervus elaphus nelsoni
- Ceanothus
- Ceanothus fendleri
- forest thinning
- understory
- plant morphology
- Pinus ponderosa
- branches
- Odocoileus hemionus
- biomass
- browsing
- Arizona
- ecological restoration
- Ceanothus fendleri
- stem morphology
- flower production
- Cervus elaphus
- Odocoileus hemionus
- Library Collection RecordNative grasslands are a sink for atmospheric CO2 sequestration, but ways for extending site-specific CO2 flux measurements to a regional scale are lacking. Objectives of this study were to determine…Publication Date 2003-07-01
- carbon sequestration
- biogeochemical cycles
- evapotranspiration
- remote sensing
- carbon dioxide
- leaf area index
- vegetation
- precipitation
- shrubs
- semiarid zones
- prairies
- biomass
- range management
- seasonal variation
- botanical composition
- grazing
- North Dakota
- global carbon cycle
- rangelands
- Bowen ratio
- remote sensing
- sequestration
- Library Collection RecordUnderstanding landscape conversion is vital for assessing the impacts of ecological and anthropogenic disturbances at regional and global scales. Since rangelands cover nearly half of the global land…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- environmental degradation
- land use change
- anthropogenic activities
- vegetation cover
- urbanization
- shrublands
- landscape ecology
- Prosopis
- image analysis
- urban areas
- rural areas
- remote sensing
- vegetation types
- semiarid zones
- botanical composition
- rangelands
- grasses
- Arizona
- land conversion
- landscape indices
- fire suppression
- rangeland maintenance
- semiarid
- grasslands
- Library Collection RecordA growth function for range calves is estimated using a polynomial function of calf age that accounts for weather variation, sex, prior calf weights relative to a norm, and a compensatory gain factor…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- slaughter weight
- herd size
- cow-calf operations
- birth weight
- geographical variation
- carrying capacity
- production costs
- liveweight gain
- calves
- gender differences
- Hereford
- profitability
- feed supplements
- precipitation
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- optimal calf sale weight
- livestock supplementation effects
- livestock marketing
- polynomial age growth function
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordThe objective of this study was to identify and model environmental and management factors associated with cattle feces deposition patterns across annual rangeland watersheds in the Sierra Nevada…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- dry seasons
- wet season
- cattle manure
- forage quality
- watershed hydrology
- slope
- linear models
- defecation
- aspect
- water supply
- animal preferences
- water troughs
- California
- spatial distribution
- range management
- seasonal variation
- grazing
- beef cattle
- water quality
- pathogens
- grazing distribution
- watershed management
- Library Collection RecordSquirreltail (Elymus elymoides, E. multisetus) is a complex of 5 taxa whose systematic interrelationships are uncertain. Our objectives were to determine whether the 3 taxa studied here, Elymus…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- Elymus elymoides subsp. brevifolius
- plant taxonomy
- growth traits
- Elymus multisetus
- Elymus elymoides subsp. elymoides
- population ecology
- provenance
- ecotypes
- plant development
- geographical variation
- leaves
- conservation plants
- height
- seedling emergence
- seed productivity
- shoots
- root systems
- Idaho
- Oregon
- Wyoming
- California
- biomass
- phenology
- Montana
- Nevada
- Colorado
- Elymus elymoides
- genetic variation
- plant nutecology
- Sitanion hystrix
- Library Collection RecordGrazing of livestock in streams and associated riparian habitats (hereafter referred to as riparian zones) may affect small mammal communities by influencing vegetation, water quality, and other site…Publication Date 2004-07-01
- fencing
- litter
- livestock
- pastures
- streams
- vegetation
- wildlife
- Library Collection RecordMontezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae Vigors) are closely associated with oak woodlands (Quercus spp.). Livestock grazing and cover availability are considered important factors affecting Montezuma…Publication Date 2004-09-01
- Arizona
- Cyrtonyx montezumae
- grazing
- habitat selection
- livestock
- Madrean evergreen woodland
- Montezuma quail
- Library Collection RecordSoil erosion is the primary cause of irreversible loss of soil productivity on most rangelands. In northeastern Patagonia, the increase in soil erosion has been closely associated with the increase…Publication Date 2002-01-01
- soil pore system
- gravel
- grassland condition
- water erosion
- steppes
- runoff
- rainfall simulators
- plant communities
- shrubs
- losses from soil
- sediment yield
- plant litter
- Argentina
- canopy
- infiltration
- bulk density
- vegetation
- litter
- gravel cover
- shrub
- grass
- shrub-grass steppes
- organic matter removal
- rainfall simulators
- infiltration rates
- Library Collection RecordThe Walker Basin Allotment grazing system in central Arizona is designed to allocate resource use under elk (Cervus elaphus L.) and cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing. The grazing system was designed to…Publication Date 2002-07-01
- feeding habits
- stubble
- topography
- woodland grasslands
- rotational grazing
- Pascopyrum smithii
- Cervus elaphus canadensis
- wildlife management
- canopy
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- plant height
- Arizona
- deferred grazing
- paired-plot
- rest rotation
- stubble height
- western wheatgrass
- Library Collection RecordChanges in rangeland species composition can effect forage quality, ecosystem function, and biological diversity. Unfortunately, documenting species compositional change is difficult due to a lack of…Publication Date 2002-07-01
- sown grasslands
- habitats
- Quercus
- woodland grasslands
- species diversity
- ecological succession
- invasion
- grazing intensity
- California
- range management
- botanical composition
- invasive species
- Northwest California
- herbarium
- oak woodlands
- livestock
- flora
- invasive species
- Library Collection RecordBlack-tailed prairie dogs have declined by 98% in the past century. Due to continued declines, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated the species as a candidate for listing in 2000. Prairie…Publication Date 2002-09-01
- Aristida purpurea
- Cynomys ludovicianus
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Buchloe dactyloides
- habitats
- Kansas
- species diversity
- shortgrass prairie
- vegetation
- Bouteloua gracilis
- plant density
- botanical composition
- canopy
- Colorado
- black-tailed prairie dogs
- Cynomys ludovicianus
- cover
- bare ground
- frequency
- shortgrass prairie
- herbivory
- soil disturbance
- Library Collection RecordAlteration of stream channel morphology by cattle and associated streambank erosion is a concern on rangeland watersheds. The objective of this study was to determine changes in stream channel…Publication Date 2002-11-01
- stream channel depth
- riparian grasslands
- depth
- stream erosion
- streams
- savanna woodlands
- Quercus wislizeni
- width
- grazing experiments
- dry seasons
- wet season
- pastures
- grazing intensity
- California
- range management
- beef cattle
- plant height
- grazing effects
- stream bank erosion
- sediments
- annual rangelands
- California
- Library Collection RecordThere are several generalizations or assumptions concerning rangeland hydrology and erosion relationships found in the literature and in the management arena. These generalizations have found their…Publication Date 2002-11-01
- sheet erosion
- mixed-grass prairies
- tallgrass prairie
- rangeland soils
- Rocky Mountain region
- hydrology
- ground cover
- semiarid grasslands
- Artemisia
- mathematical models
- Carex
- brush control
- steppe soils
- range condition
- equations
- shortgrass prairie
- runoff
- rainfall simulators
- forbs
- soil water content
- plant communities
- California
- prairies
- biomass
- sediment yield
- plant litter
- botanical composition
- rangelands
- canopy
- infiltration
- grasses
- prairie soils
- rangeland hydrology
- infiltration
- erosion
- hydrologic modeling
- Library Collection RecordUndisturbed plant communities dominated by shrubs or trees are often left isolated within landscapes otherwise devoid of woody vegetation following large-scale disturbances such as wildfires. We…Publication Date 2002-11-01
- biogeography
- Phasianidae
- Centrocercus urophasianus
- biodiversity
- wildfire management
- arid grasslands
- habitats
- Purshia tridentata
- prediction
- species diversity
- ecological succession
- fires
- fire effects
- Artemisia tridentata
- plant communities
- California
- land restoration
- range management
- Nevada
- rangelands
- Artemisia tridentata Nutt.
- biological diversity
- disturbance
- Island Biogeography Theory
- succession
- terrestial habitat islands
- Library Collection RecordPanels of experts from the Society for Range Management and the National Research Council proposed that status of rangeland ecosystems could be ascertained by evaluating an ecological site's…Publication Date 2002-11-01
- soil surface
- soil structure
- flow resistance
- soil morphology
- gullied land
- wind erosion
- hydrologic factors
- assessment
- rapid methods
- data collection
- ecological balance
- grassland condition
- overland flow
- rill erosion
- ground cover
- grasslands
- range condition
- perennials
- mortality
- vegetation
- biomass production
- range management
- plant litter
- introduced species
- invasive species
- literature reviews
- United States
- soil compaction
- soil stability
- hydrologic function
- biological integrity
- ecosystem status
- erosion
- infiltration
- inventory
- Library Collection RecordIn montane meadows of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains (Calif., USA), Rothrock sagebrush (Artemisia rothrockii G.) has expanded into sites once dominated by herbaceous species. We explored the…Publication Date 2002-11-01
- seedling establishment
- genetic soil types
- Artemisia rothrockii
- disturbed soils
- meadows
- depth
- plant colonization
- ground cover
- semiarid grasslands
- water table
- Artemisia
- brush control
- population structure
- soil water content
- growth rate
- precipitation
- plant communities
- California
- range management
- Artemisia rothrockii
- shrub invasion
- montane meadows
- seedling establishment
- Sierra Nevada
- Golden Trout Wilderness
- demography
- Library Collection RecordA 2-year field experiment was undertaken to quantify the interacting effects of a late-spring prescribed burn and summer rainfall on seasonal runoff and erosion in a southern Arizona grassland. Six…Publication Date 2003-01-01
- Lycurus
- perennial bunchgrasses
- soil water movement
- Muhlenbergia
- soil density
- Eragrostis
- Bouteloua
- water erosion
- semiarid grasslands
- rain
- runoff
- prescribed burning
- rainfall simulators
- plant communities
- sediment yield
- grasses
- bulk density
- Arizona
- Arizona
- sediment yield
- summer rainfall
- Library Collection RecordPeriodic summer rainstorms in some semi-arid regions result in variable soil moisture and differential establishment of seeded species. A 2-year study investigated soil water effects on germination…Publication Date 2003-01-01
- Muhlenbergia porteri
- Bothriochloa barbinodis
- drying front
- choice of species
- Leptochloa dubia
- Eragrostis intermedia
- Leptochloa
- revegetation plants
- Digitaria californica
- adventitious roots
- recruitment
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Eragrostis
- semiarid grasslands
- seedling emergence
- drought tolerance
- rain
- species differences
- soil water content
- summer
- seed germination
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- Arizona
- warm season
- desert grasslands
- rangeland revegetation
- drought tolerance
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Bothriochloa barbinodis
- Leptochloa dubia
- Digitaria californica
- Muhlenbergia porteri
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- Eragrostis intermedia
- Eragrostis lehanniana X tricophera
- Library Collection RecordThree watersheds at the University of California's Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center (SFREC), Marysville, Calif. were selected to study cattle grazing effects on the vegetation…Publication Date 2000-03-01
- springs (water)
- ground cover
- highlands
- species diversity
- riparian buffers
- body weight
- plant communities
- California
- cattle
- plant litter
- botanical composition
- grazing
- dry matter
- Library Collection RecordWildlife water developments have been constructed and maintained throughout the arid western United States to benefit big game and upland gamebird populations. There is debate, however, over possible…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- drinkers
- birds of prey
- water resources
- game birds
- coyotes
- predator-prey relationships
- wildlife management
- Arizona
- carnivores
- desert ecology
- raptors
- predator-prey relationships
- ungulates
- wildlife management
- Library Collection RecordCryptosporidium parvumis a fecal borne protozoan parasite that can be carried by and cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, cattle, and wildlife. The illness, cryptosporidiosis, can be fatal to…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- movement
- Cryptosporidium parvum
- oocysts
- zoonoses
- water flow
- overland flow
- rain
- cattle manure
- slope
- California
- rangelands
- pathogens
- water quality
- fate and transport
- buffer strips
- Library Collection RecordCalifornia ranchers in urban Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, and in rural Tehama County, were surveyed to examine effects of increasing development, land use change, and attrition of the ranching…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- ranching
- land use
- land use planning
- urban areas
- rural areas
- farmers' attitudes
- beef production
- California
- rangelands
- land use change
- land trusts
- rangeland conversion
- ranch values
- Library Collection RecordThis paper reports on the results of a 3-year field study of the effects of spring/summer burning and cattle grazing on wintering sparrows in the grasslands of southeastern Arizona. The effects of…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- ammodramus bairdii
- ammodramus savannarum ammolegus
- aimophila cassinnii
- passerculus sandwichensis
- wild birds
- pooecetes gramineus
- prescribed burning
- grazing intensity
- wildlife management
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- birds
- conservation
- bird-banding
- Library Collection RecordRobust needlegrass (Achnatherum robustum [Vasey] Barkw. = Stipa robusta [Vasey] Scribn.) is a high-biomass rangeland species that is adapted to warmer temperatures and matures later than most cool-…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- New Mexico
- Arizona
- Colorado
- beef cattle
- forage
- Stipa
- dry matter
- feed intake
- feeding preferences
- plant height
- zero grazing
- Elytrigia elongata
- Acremonium
- endophytes
- Leymus chinensis
- ergot alkaloids
- ergometrine
- fungi
- roadside plants
- green fodders
- lysergic acid amide
- Stipa robusta
- Achnatherum robustum
- Acremonium
- ergonovine
- lysergic acid amide
- narcosis
- Neotyphodium
- sleepygrass
- Stipa robusta
- Library Collection RecordEmerging hydrology-related issues in California grasslands have directed attention towards the need to understand subsurface water flow within a complex, dynamic system. Tensiometers and neutron…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- wetting front
- semiarid grassland soils
- subsurface flow
- soil profiles
- water flow
- evaporation
- water balance
- soil water potential
- watersheds
- rain
- watershed hydrology
- California
- rangelands
- soil water
- California rangelands
- subsurface flow
- water budget
- Library Collection RecordForage use data can help rangeland and wildlife managers make informed decisions. However, managers need to know if forage use techniques that are commonly used to estimate ungulate herbivory under…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- experimental plots
- height-weight curve methods
- paired-plot method
- growth curve
- regression analysis
- equations
- Cervus elaphus
- selective grazing
- Pascopyrum smithii
- biomass
- range management
- beef cattle
- forage
- plant height
- Arizona
- height-weight
- herbivory
- paired-plot
- stubble height
- Library Collection RecordFrequent and intense defoliation of grasses has been associated with the evolution of "grazing morphotypes" that exhibit a variety of vegetative traits correlated with improved grazing…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- apomixis
- selection pressure
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- inflorescences
- plant morphology
- seed productivity
- genetic effects
- grazing
- Arizona
- Bouteloua
- defoliation tolerance
- evolution
- grazing resistance
- Library Collection RecordWestern juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) has been actively invading shrub steppe communities during the past 120 years. The majority of these stands are still in transition, from early open…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- artemisia arbuscula
- fir interval
- Festuca idahoensis
- Poa secunda
- Achnatherum thurberianum
- understory
- steppes
- species diversity
- ecological succession
- Populus tremuloides
- Juniperus occidentalis
- fires
- fire effects
- Oregon
- Artemisia tridentata
- plant communities
- California
- plant density
- plant competition
- canopy
- Juniperus occidentalis
- species composition
- plant cover
- Library Collection RecordWe built digital surface models (DSM) that contain 3D surface morphological information of the entire landscape using digital photogrammetry and aerial photographs. Changes in landscape components…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- digital cameras
- aerial photography
- ground photogrammetry
- crown
- landscapes
- image analysis
- Quercus
- woodland grasslands
- remote sensing
- California
- canopy
- plant height
- Digital photogrammetry
- photo-ecometrics
- tree heights
- crown closure
- Library Collection RecordSoil water studies for California rangelands have focussed on near-surface hydrologic processes, limiting our understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics of the water regime below the root zone. Soil…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- particle size analysis
- soil profiles
- trees
- grassland soils
- soil depth
- evapotranspiration
- vegetation types
- rain
- watershed hydrology
- slope
- aspect
- soil water content
- California
- seasonal variation
- rangelands
- grasses
- soil texture
- altitude
- California rangelands
- subsurface hydrology
- Library Collection RecordIn recent times, pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands have expanded into large portions of the Southwest historically occupied by grassland vegetation. From 1997-1998, we studied…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- wild birds
- pinyon-juniper
- frequency
- grasslands
- species diversity
- ecological succession
- woodlands
- establishment
- botanical composition
- Pinus
- Juniperus
- Arizona
- Juniperus monosperma
- grasslands
- pinyon-juniper
- Arizona
- southwestern U.S.
- avian communities
- succession
- Library Collection RecordPrevious authors have described nesting habitat of the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) throughout its range, but few have compared structural or compositional differences of vegetation…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- nests
- weather
- visibility
- habitat selection
- Colinus virginianus
- ground cover
- habitats
- predators
- reproductive performance
- vegetation
- woody plants
- Oklahoma
- botanical composition
- grasses
- bobwhite
- Colinus virginianus
- gallinaceous
- habitats
- northern
- quail
- upland game
- Library Collection RecordAntelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC) is the most important browse species on many western mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) ranges. Lack of antelope bitterbrush seedling recruitment is…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- plant development
- recruitment
- age
- Purshia tridentata
- browse plants
- seed productivity
- seedlings
- Odocoileus hemionus
- California
- Nevada
- canopy
- grazing
- Purshia tridentata
- mule deer
- shrub
- browse
- herbivory