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Recent field research has established that biological soil crust communities (cyanobacteria, lichens, liverworts and mosses) are widespread across the rangelands of Queensland. Our survey has covered many national parks and reserves or private properties where necessary, to take in changes in rainfall gradients, vegetation communities and soils. We document for the first time, well-established and extensive cyanobacteria-dominated soil crusts occurring throughout much of the gulf-savannah. An ecologically important biological crust system was found across a fragile dune and flood plain near Skull Hole, Bladensburg NP. Other noteworthy biological crusts with significant biodiversity and cover were found in the jump-ups Diamantina NP; Spinifex ridges, Minerva Hills NP; Grey Range (west of Thargomindah); Sturt Stony Desert (Arrabury region); Stony plains (Coorabulka, Windorah Rd) and Arcadia Valley (Old Towrie). ...