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Increasing world human population, declining reserves of cheaply extracted fossil fuels, fresh water scarcity, and climatic  instability will put tremendous pressure on world rangelands as the 21stcentury progresses.It is expected the world human  population will increase by 40 percent by 2050 but fossil fuel and fresh water reserves will be drastically reduced. Avoiding food shortages and famine couldbe a major world challenge within the next 10 years. Under these conditions, major  changes in basic world policies relating to economic growth and natural resource use seem essential. Human population  stabilization; clean, renewable energy development; enhanced water yields and quality; increased livestock production; and changed land use policies that minimize agricultural landlosses to development and fragmentation will all be needed to avoid declining living conditions at the global level. The health and productivity of rangelands will need to receive much more emphasis as they are the primary sources of vital ecosystem services and products essential to human life. ...