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This paper considers how pastoral lease arrangements may affect the emergence of non - pastoral land uses in the Australian rangelands. Non - pastoral land uses can include farming of non-conventional livestock, tourism and conservation of native wildlife. Pastoral lease arrangements, such as lease conditions, can constrain the emergence of non - pastoral land uses. Further, uncertainty surrounding property rights retained by State and Territory Governments may also influence the emergence of non - pastoral land uses. More outcome -focused pastoral lease arrangements may better facilitate pastoral and non - pastoral land uses in the future. Further review of the net public benefits from retaining the pastoral lease arrangements in their current form may be warranted.