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The pinon-juniper woodland is a wide spread vegetation type covering 20-30 millions hectares (Tausch and Tueller, 1990). The management of the Pinon-Juniper Rangeland on the National Forest in the Rocky Mountain Southwest has presented significant challenges for natural resource managers for many years. The once open pinon-juniper woodlands have become dense stands of trees devoid of grasses and vegetation. The productive soils beneath these stands have eroded and left extensive rills and gullies.Managers addressed these issue in the 1950s and 1960s in the mass clearing of many thousands of acres of pinon-juniper woodlands. They used various methods including chaining, cabling, pushing, rotochopping, and root plowing. The success of these type conversions were only temporary with the trees reinvading the areas previously controlled. The lack of success has been primarily due to the lack of maintenance and further control projects. Younger trees have been allowed to reinvade the areas. In some cases, grazing was allowed to continue without the control of the numbers of livestock. An increase in the grazing capacity was anticipated and grazing numbers were increased in these areas.In the 1970s, the methodology and the management became more sophisticated and expensive. Large tree crushers were employed to control the pinon juniper in Northern New Mexico. These control projects were followed by grubbing of individual trees, fuelwood sales and broadcast burns. Grazing management in these units required the coordination of livestock grazing in these control pastures.(source description)