Rangeland Ecology & Management
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- Library Collection RecordDr. Mike Crimmins discusses the current state of drought in Southeast Arizona and where the region is headed. He examines trends in rainfall within the region. WSARE Brush Management Workshop 1,…Publication Date 2018
- brush control
- management
- climate change
- drought
- rainfall
- Arizona
- Santa Rita Experimental Range
- WSARE Brush Management Workshop 1
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management, the National Agricultural Library, and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Rangelands…Publication Date 1980-02-01
- stocking rates
- high rainfall zone
- pastoral zone
- wheat-sheep zone
- wool
- rainfall
- sheep production zones
- grazing management
- Australia
- rangeland
- sheep
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management, the National Agricultural Library, and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Rangelands…Publication Date 1981-04-01
- rangeland management
- rainfall
- soil erosion
- overgrazing
- desert
- Saudi Arabia
- grasslands
- goats
- water
- vegetation
- sheep
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management, the National Agricultural Library, and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Rangelands…Publication Date 1981-04-01
- resources
- mulching
- grassland restoration
- economics
- rainfall
- grazing management
- revegetation
- land imprinter
- desertification
- soil
- Library Collection RecordAbstract not availablePublication Date 1955
- pastures
- composition
- grazing
- vegetation
- rainfall
- Bluestem
- Classification.
- Claypan
- Climax
- Environmental Differences
- Flint Hills
- Limestone Breaks
- Ordinary Upland
- perennial
- range condition
- relationships
- Shallow
- true prairie
- Upland
- vegetation composition
- Library Collection RecordAbstract not availablePublication Date 1981
- rainfall
- soil erosion
- Saudi Arabia
- grasslands
- goats
- water
- vegetation
- sheep
- desert
- Over Grazing
- rangeland management
- Library Collection RecordThe pattern of retrogression due to grazing for native vegetation was established for the important plants of the loamy prairie range site. Total forb numbers increased as range condition declined…Publication Date 1965-01-01
- Decreasers
- Increasers
- secondary succession
- North Central Oklahoma
- Animal Output
- Loamy Prairie
- invaders
- Sideoats
- rainfall
- Big
- Little
- native vegetation
- retrogression
- bluestems
- patterns
- overuse
- buffalo grass
- mulch
- grama
- plant cover
- income
- productivity
- soil moisture
- range condition
- blue grama
- forbs
- overgrazing
- grasses
- basal cover
- mowing
- Library Collection RecordPerennial grass production on the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center in south-central New Mexico was correlated with precipitation characteristics over a 34-year period. Total December…Publication Date 2005-05-01
- cattle
- climate
- forage
- rainfall
- rangelands
- Library Collection RecordA growth function for range calves is estimated using a polynomial function of calf age that accounts for weather variation, sex, prior calf weights relative to a norm, and a compensatory gain factor…Publication Date 2003-09-01
- slaughter weight
- herd size
- cow-calf operations
- birth weight
- geographical variation
- carrying capacity
- production costs
- liveweight gain
- calves
- gender differences
- Hereford
- profitability
- feed supplements
- precipitation
- grazing
- Arizona
- beef cattle
- optimal calf sale weight
- livestock supplementation effects
- livestock marketing
- polynomial age growth function
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordWe compared the herbage standing crop on 31 farms along a rainfall gradient in Namibia (southwestern Africa) in 1997 with the results attained for the same gradient by Walter (1939). We found that…Publication Date 2000-03-01
- Namibia
- environmental degradation
- desertification
- grasslands
- rain
- stocking rate
- biomass production
- overgrazing
- forage
- Africa
- rangelands
- historical records
- grazing
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordPopulations of an introduced woody weed, prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile ssp. indica (Benth.) Brenan syn. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. ssp. indica Benth.), were surveyed at 4 sites in…Publication Date 2001-07-01
- regeneration
- Weeds
- quarantine
- Queensland
- seed dispersal
- highlands
- rain
- seedlings
- pastures
- selective grazing
- woody plants
- rotational grazing
- sheep
- plant density
- introduced species
- browsing
- grazing
- plant height
- Life-stage profiles
- rainfall
- population dynamics
- regeneration
- cattle
- woody weeds
- Library Collection RecordAn overstory or slash pine on the Palustris Experimental Forest in central Louisiana decreased herbage production as early as plantation age 17 for longleaf pine and plantation age 10 for slash pine…Publication Date 1982-11-01
- Cutover Range
- pine basal area
- Herbage Composition
- Slash Pine
- Longleaf Pine
- Palustris Experimental Forest
- herbage production
- precipitation
- Louisiana
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordThe Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed in northern Mississippi was used to investigate how switching from cultivated land to non-cultivated land, including pastures, alters the amount and rate of…Publication Date 1969
- erosion
- land use
- rainfall
- runoff
- sediment transport
- Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT model)
- watershed
- Library Collection RecordLiterature on the chemical analyses, animal preference, digestibility, and intake of browse and on the production of animals grazing on browse is examined. It is concluded that browse has not yet…Publication Date 1969-01-01
- animal preferences
- Browse Evaluation
- Production Measurements
- methodology
- grazing animals
- Review
- evaluation
- chemical analysis
- browse
- digestibility
- intake
- nutrition
- grass
- production
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordSupplementing late-summer native shortgrass range with 1.5 lb of cottonseed meal or 1.5 lb of sorghum grain resulted in similar 10-year average gains with yearling steers. During seven of ten years…Publication Date 1968-05-01
- Summer Precipitation
- steer gains
- Supplemented
- Shortgrass Ranges
- yearling steers
- Fort Hays Branch Station
- Sorghum Grain
- Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station
- late summer
- Grass Growth
- energy
- protein
- Kansas
- cottonseed meal
- supplements
- rainfall
- interactions
- Library Collection RecordA battery-operated electronic scale recorded range cattle weights accurately on oscillograph charts without disturbing the animals. With refinement, the system could operate automatically. This…Publication Date 1967-03-01
- Range Cattle
- Automatic Weighing
- Electronic Scale
- Battery Operated
- Oscillograph
- Rate of Gain
- Peak Weights
- Platform
- Weight Sensors
- calibration
- Field Installation
- remote control
- Recorder
- losses
- Field Conditions
- temperature
- design
- construction
- testing
- calves
- Gains
- scale
- yearlings
- vegetation
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordExperience in the Edwards Plateau area of West Texas since 1960 demonstrates that soundly planned range improvement and ranch management make it possible to operate profitably and to adjust to…Publication Date 1966-09-01
- marketing
- west Texas
- Adjust
- investment
- Expendables
- Seasonal Production
- ranch management
- restoration
- ranchers
- Forage Supply
- precipitation
- forage production
- range improvement
- improvement
- stocking rate
- rainfall
- deferment
- Edwards Plateau
- stocking rate
- Library Collection RecordLow temperatures in the 4-10C (39-50F) range were found in the laboratory to delay germination of pasture plants, especially of perenial grasses. Analysis of meteorological data showed temperatures…Publication Date 1966-11-01
- Low Termperature
- pasture plants
- Rainfall Periods
- Cold Resistance
- Surface Treatments
- sowing
- barley
- Range Plant Seeds
- Fixed Temperatures
- wheat
- arid range
- seedling vigor
- temperature
- Israel
- adaptation
- perennial grasses
- seedling establishment
- germination
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordRange improvement treatments-brush clearing, pitting, and seeding to grass-were imposed on twenty-four 6 by 12-foot plots near Tombstone, Arizona. One summer's rainfall of average amount and…Publication Date 1966-11-01
- Rainfall Effects
- soil surface characteristics
- Range Improvement Treatments
- Brush Clearing
- Tombstone
- Exposed Soil
- Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed
- microrelief
- Pavement
- soil movement
- crown cover
- Pitting
- change
- Range Conservation
- infiltration
- seeding
- rainfall
- erosion
- runoff
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordFrequent removal of herbage from hardinggrass plants during the most active period of growth resulted in reduced yields and an increase in plant death. Intensive clipping also appeared to reduce the…Publication Date 1966-03-01
- carbohydrate reserves
- Plant Death
- Sugar Percent
- Fructosan
- San Diego County
- Tule Springs Range
- Environmental Stress
- growth periods
- stenoptera
- defoliation
- Phalaris tuberosa
- Herbage Removal
- grazing management
- Harding grass
- clipping
- survival
- storage
- productivity
- yield
- mortality
- rainfall
- California
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1950-07-01
- cost-benefit analysis
- Preparatory Crop Method
- Cereal Cropping
- Anrtim
- Sapphire Mountains
- Bitteroot Valley
- Machine Operation
- returns
- Sheep Range
- Farm Land
- site selection
- species
- fertility
- Abandoned
- seed
- labor
- soil
- cheatgrass
- Time
- herbage production
- seeding
- Agropyron cristatum
- grazing
- Bromus tectorum
- protection
- forage
- rainfall
- deferment
- seedbed preparation
- crested wheatgrass
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1950-10-01
- rodents
- Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station
- RMA Project RM: b-4
- Prosopis juliflora velutina
- root length
- tap roots
- physiology
- origin
- Stem Length
- University of Arizona
- Merriam Kangaroo Rat
- undesirable
- velvet mesquite
- ecology
- Southwest
- range plants
- roots
- Prosopis
- seedlings
- germination
- grazing
- mortality
- cattle
- rainfall
- erosion
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1950-01-01
- machines
- Pasture Cover
- Red Plains Conservation Experiment Station
- Brush Removal
- fires
- 2,4-D
- Returns from the Land
- brush cover
- woody vegetation
- Guthrie
- erosion control
- herbicides
- woody vegetation
- pastures
- clearing
- success
- land use
- methods
- grass
- 2,4,5-T
- production
- overgrazing
- forage
- Oklahoma
- rainfall
- brush control
- applications
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1950-01-01
- 1946
- 1947
- 1948
- Southwest Texas
- Stocking Records
- Survey Data
- Curlymesquite
- shortgrasses
- Use of Range
- Case Histories
- Flexible Stocking System
- San Angelo
- litter
- Moderate Use
- midgrasses
- soil conditions
- Growing Conditions
- range condition
- buffalo grass
- effects
- decline
- restoration
- grazing capacity
- density
- mixed prairie
- moisture
- vigor
- composition
- stocking rate
- range condition
- Hairy Grama
- Sideoats grama
- forage
- rainfall
- drought
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1949-04-01
- Eradication
- Skunkbrush
- Sand Plum
- Shinnery Oak
- Ethyl
- Butyl
- Isopropyl
- Esters
- Calcium Carbonate
- Time of Application
- regrowth
- Sand Sagebrush
- Diesel Oil
- airplanes
- removal
- salt
- density
- equipment
- Southern Great Plains
- Woodward
- precipitation
- 4,5-T
- soils
- vegetation
- Oklahoma
- Location
- rainfall
- Texas
- 2,4-D
- carrying capacity
- mowing
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1952-05-01
- temperature
- Southwest
- selection
- livestock
- beef cattle
- management practices
- Natural Environment
- Market Outlet
- topography
- insects
- breeds
- Brahman
- advantages
- Hereford
- Angus
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1952-07-01
- Livestock Problems
- Ceylon
- Chena
- shifting cultivation
- rubber
- Tea
- Unirrigated Cropping
- Plantation Industries
- Coconut
- Creeping Cover
- Monsoon
- Contour Drains
- Mudding
- Maize
- milk
- soil erosion
- irrigation
- India
- land use
- legumes
- cattle
- rainfall
- drought
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1954-01-01
- meetings
- supplemental feeding
- irrigated pastures
- Transportation
- animals
- Severity
- desert grasslands
- Vegetational Characteristics
- Experimental Records
- definitions
- Southern Arizona
- Santa Rita Experimental Range
- effects
- rangelands
- planning
- duration
- utilization
- livestock production
- stocking rate
- grazing
- frequency
- forage
- rainfall
- drought
- management
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1953-07-01
- personal experiences
- Quarter Circle U Ranch
- Southeastern Montana
- Range Grass
- Taylor Grazing Law
- Conservation Practices
- Breeding Herd
- Indexing Bulls
- Financial Policy
- stockwater
- experiments
- Hereford
- culling
- fencing
- profit
- livestock
- forage
- conservation
- rainfall
- feed
- ranching
- stocking rate
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1953-07-01
- Rainmaking
- Sublimation Nuclei
- Silver Iodide
- Silver Bromide
- Clouds
- Thunderstorms
- rain
- Sunlight
- atmosphere
- Southwest
- precipitation
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1952-07-01
- fire
- range
- fencing
- savannas
- Guiana
- Tropical
- Bush
- flooding
- leaching
- uplands
- lowlands
- Economic Problems
- ranch improvement
- Draining
- beef production
- precipitation
- seeding
- grazing
- livestock
- cattle
- forage
- rainfall
- drought
- grasses
- ranching
- grasslands
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1954-01-01
- Stocking
- vigor
- pastures
- feeding
- palatability
- water
- rest
- profit
- U Ranch
- Carlsbad
- sand
- cottonseed meal
- supplements
- management programs
- terrain
- reserves
- grass
- mesquite
- forage
- rainfall
- deferment
- range management
- New Mexico
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1952-11-01
- Storing
- Grass Roots
- Siltation
- Downstreatm Flooding
- Raindrop Impact
- Oklahoma
- soil conditions
- surface cover
- grazing management
- moisture
- forage production
- Use
- conservation
- rainfall
- erosion
- Texas
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1962-05-01
- Soil Forming Factors
- Llano Estacado
- depression
- Plateau
- steppes
- Mesothermal
- Insolation
- Hardland
- Mixedland
- sandy land
- Draws
- Cliche Breaks
- Pleistocene
- sand dune
- Zones
- Climax Species
- native ranges
- wind
- climate
- temperature
- texture
- soil
- root systems
- Great Plains
- classification
- precipitation
- evaporation
- livestock
- vegetation
- rainfall
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1963-05-01
- depth
- Eastern Colorado Range Station
- Predictive Index
- Sandhills Range Type
- Moist
- evapotranspiration
- Seasonal Climatic Factors
- Spring Drought
- clipping
- Great Plains
- forage yield
- yield
- forage production
- soil moisture
- grass yield
- rainfall
- Colorado
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1961-09-01
- Absorb
- Features
- South Dakota Rangelands
- grazing use
- Watershed Improvement
- Mobile Infiltrometer
- Stockpond Watershed
- Cracking
- Storm Event
- Condition Class
- climate
- texture
- soil
- plant cover
- Soil Characteristics
- moisture
- forage production
- water intake
- vegetation
- control
- rainfall
- cover
- erosion
- runoff
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1960-05-01
- Sulfur Fertilization
- Leguminosae
- Rate Frequency
- annual legumes
- Vista Sandy Loam
- gypsum
- annual range
- Lysimeter Study
- San Joaquin Experimental Range
- soil
- Rose Clover
- precipitation
- soil profiles
- rainfall
- California
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1959-09-01
- Brush Species
- Cuba
- grassland improvement
- wool
- milk
- Grassland Farming
- Marabu
- Dichstachys nutans
- Leiteiro
- Taberae montana fuchsiaefolia
- Invading Stands
- Mixed Brush
- Forest Land
- Dense
- losses
- Reinfestation
- Ecological Relationships
- Open
- Stands
- death
- Moderate
- Mechanical Equipment
- woody plants
- Prosopis juliflora
- grazing land
- Efficient
- clearing
- 2,4,5-T
- meat
- pastures
- herbicides
- mesquite
- livestock
- production
- control
- 2,4-D
- rainfall
- Brazil
- United States
- carrying capacity
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1960-01-01
- Ovicina de Estudios Especiales
- Northern Temperate
- Central Temperate
- Gulf Plains
- Pacific Tropical
- regions
- research
- improvement
- Mexico
- livestock
- rainfall
- grasslands
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1960-03-01
- Moisture Relationships
- Field Capacity
- Wilting Point
- Water Held
- Soil Wetting
- Precipitation Effectiveness
- Plant Soil Water Relations
- Productive Value
- soil surface
- climax vegetation
- rangelands
- Southern Great Plains
- precipitation
- bulk density
- soils
- rainfall
- runoff
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1960-07-01
- surface cover
- Range Soils
- Water Intake Studies
- Three Locations
- Rainwater
- Store
- characteristics
- Infiltrometer
- Weighing
- Williston
- McCone County
- Glacier County
- regression analysis
- Mulch Yield
- Absorb
- soil
- clipping
- forage production
- rainfall
- Montana
- North Dakota
- Northern Plains
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1956-11-01
- TransPecos Region
- deferred rotation grazing
- Managing
- deserts
- supplemental feeding
- juniper
- Livestock Class
- recovery
- bulldozing
- history
- ground cover
- range
- fencing
- forage production
- 4,5-T
- sheep
- rainfall
- drought
- brush control
- Texas
- ranching
- 2,4-D
- management
- stocking rate
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1957-11-01
- Polacca Stockgrowers
- Hopi Grazing Area
- Stock Reduction
- Carrying Capacities
- Utilization Checks
- Livestock Associations
- Future Plans
- marketing
- livestock management
- stockwater
- shrub control
- water spreading
- ripping
- overuse
- management practices
- conditions
- income
- range improvement
- distribution
- range condition
- grazing
- livestock
- cattle
- vegetation
- rainfall
- range management
- Arizona
- management
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1957-11-01
- future
- conservation
- Location
- rainfall
- drought
- goats
- brush control
- size
- grasses
- deferment
- cover
- feed
- Edwards Plateau
- operations
- Profitable
- drought management
- Texas
- ranching
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1957-11-01
- root plowing
- McMullen County
- Supplemental Grazing
- herd reduction
- treatments
- Deferred
- precipitation
- seeding
- grass
- grazing
- conservation
- rainfall
- drought
- brush control
- ranching
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1957-09-01
- rain
- Woodland Grass Vegetation
- Late Season
- Wedgeleaf Ceanothus
- Multiple Correlation
- fertility levels
- Vista Soils
- Coarsegold Soil
- seedlings
- soil types
- Ryegrass
- Woody Species
- close grazing
- fertilizer
- clipping
- competition
- greenhouses
- soil fertility
- root growth
- fire
- precipitation
- brush
- grazing
- soils
- overgrazing
- nitrogen
- rainfall
- California
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1958-05-01
- grazing values
- snakeweed
- desert grasslands
- shrub invasion
- black grama
- Tobosa Grass
- grazing pressure
- Jornada Experimental Range
- Southern New Mexico
- fire
- utilization
- mesquite
- rainfall
- drought
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1954-07-01
- Grazing Southwest
- Three Pasture
- Ranch Experiment Station
- rest periods
- deferred rotation
- Grass Survival
- procedures
- range condition
- Gains
- responses
- variation
- composition
- stocking rate
- sheep
- cattle
- vegetation
- rainfall
- drought
- goats
- Edwards Plateau
- Texas
- Library Collection RecordThis material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. The Journal of Range Management archives are made…Publication Date 1955-07-01
- Carob Production
- Cyprus
- Leugmes
- Shepherds
- Carob
- Dual Crops
- Scrub
- Cultivating
- Marquis
- Pasture Improvement
- returns
- Ceratonia siliqua
- costs
- burning
- pastures
- utilization
- trees
- Mediterranean
- seeding
- grazing
- vegetation
- forage
- conservation
- rainfall
- grasses
- Library Collection RecordSoil moisture depletion in the first 3 ft of soil under chaparral reaches high levels of stress each dry season. Hand clearing the chaparral or spraying with a brush-killer herbicide decreases soil…Publication Date 1969-05-01
- seedling survival
- Depletion Patterns
- soil water potential
- grass establishment
- chaparral
- Manipulation
- herbicides
- replacements
- seedling establishment
- soil moisture
- 2,4-D
- rainfall
- California