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In this study, we asked the Ariaal herders of northern Kenya to answer 'why, what and how' they classified landscape, and assessed and monitored the biodiversity of 10 km2 of grazing land. To answer the 'why question' the herders classified grazing resources into 39 landscape patches grouped into six landscape types and classified soil as'warm','intermediate' or'cold' for the purpose of land use. For the 'what question' the herders used soil conditions and vegetation characteristics to assess biodiversity. Plant species were described as'increasers','decreasers' or'stable'. The decreaser species were mostly grasses and forbs preferred for cattle and sheep grazing and the increasers were mostly woody species preferred by goats. The herders evaluated biodiversity in terms of key forage species and used absence or presence of the preferred species from individual landscapes for monitoring change in biodiversity. For the 'how question' the herders used anthropogenic indicators concerned with livestock management for assessing landscape potential and suitability for grazing. The anthropogenic indicators were related to soils and biodiversity. The herders used plant species grazing preferences to determine the links between livestock production and biodiversity. By addressing these three questions, the study shows the value of incorporating the indigenous knowledge of herders into classification of landscape and assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in the grazing lands. We conclude that herder knowledge of biodiversity is related to the use as opposed to exclusive conservation practices. This type of knowledge is extremely valuable to conservation agencies for establishing a baseline for monitoring changes in biodiversity in the future.