Get reliable science

Wild ungulate foraging activities often negatively impact desirable resources, particularly where animal population densities are high.  Agricultural crops suffer economic damage and natural ecosystems are altered.  Various approaches to alter foraging behaviors are presentenced.  Successful manipulation usually involved restricting ungulates access to a resources, encouraging animals to avoid an area, altering resource availability, or by reducing the desirability of the resources.  Exclosures are probably the most effective means to reduce depredations.  Ungulates also avoid areas that appear threatening.  Habitat modification to reduce damage generally require a reduction in resources to encouraged animals to move out of an area, or an increase in resources to limit use of the planted crop.  Repellents are applied to plants to render the plant less attractive to foraging animals.