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Two market-based instruments, namely Enterprise Based Conservation, have been operating in western  NSW  since  2003.  These  programs  provide  a  cost-effective  alternative  to  the  national park  estate,  with  over  130,000  hectares  across18  sites  being  managed  for  conservation outcomes for approximately $2 per hectare per year. Ecological resilience is enhanced through a reduction  in  total  grazing  pressure,  and  through  the  control  of  weeds  and  pest  animals. Providing  an  alternative  incometo  traditional  rain-based  products  improves  the  economic resilience  of  participating  landholders.  Maintaining  people  in  the  rural  landscape  allows  rural communities  and  their  services  to  continue to be  supported,  sustaining the  social  resilience of the often diminishing communities in rangeland areas.