Beck and Peek examined diet composition and forage selection as means of competition between four ungulate species in northeastern Nevada. High diet overlap of forbs was seen between elk, mule deer, cattle and sheep during the summer months on all sites. The potential for high diet overlap during a dry summer, with reduced forb nutrient and availability, may lead to strong competition between these species within the aspen community. Alkaloid content of spurred lupine was of large concern, especially to cattle in early June. Elk, mule deer and sheep showed no adverse effects to ingesting spurred lupine, but in cattle it has been known to cause crooked-calf disease and even death. Management for reducing lupine in cattle grazing allotments is highly suggested. The management of mixed grazing systems that promote a high diversity of graminoids and forbs in the summer range of these ungulates may possible reduce competition and hold larger and healthier populations.
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