Twelve years after three species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) were removed from plots of Chihuahuan Desert shrub habitat, density of tall perennial and annual grasses had increased approximately threefold and rodent species, typical of arid grasslands, had colonized. These were just the most recent and dramatic effects in a series of changes in plants and animals caused by experimental exclusion of Dipodomys. In this ecosystem, kangaroo rats are a keystone guild: through seed predation and soil disturbance they have major effects on biological diversity and biogeochemical processes.
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