While herbivory probably is a natural part of all terrestrial ecosystems, livestock herbivory is not a natural part of California natural ecosystems. Livestock behavior does not mimic that of either Pleistocene or modern native California herbivores. The potential of threats is greater from ungulates, which include native taxa (e.g., Tule, Roosevelt, and Rocky Mountain elk, mule deer, pronghorn antelope) and alien livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, sheep, goats). Livestock herbivory is a threat to some rare plant taxa. Livestock impacts can include alterations in species composition of plant communities, in ecosystem function, and in ecosystem structure. Painter concludes that livestock herbivory must be viewed as a human-imposed alien disturbance and be carefully managed to minimize negative impacts. There is a place for carefully managed livestock in California, particularly on private land. The livestock industry is significant both economically and culturally, and, if carefully managed, it can help maintain open space and a place for much of the native flora that would be lost with other land uses.
Citations and enhanced abstracts for journals articles and documents focused on rangeland ecology and management. RSIS is a collaboration between Montana State University, University of Idaho, and University of Wyoming.