The main point of discussion is the effects of elk herbivory and climate change on the decline of willows in riparian areas of northern Yellowstone National Park. The authors maintain that increased elk numbers are not the only reason for willow decline, and that other factors, such as climate change, may also be affecting the growth and survival of willows and other riparian vegetation. The authors disagree with Wagner et al. (1995), stating that elk densities in area are inversely correlated with elevation and elk consume mostly a sedge-grass diet and few willows. Singer and Cates appeal to Wagner et al. (1995) to provide more than just criticisms, and to also provide suggestions for management.
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