Singer et al. looked at the major factors that have caused willow (Salix spp.) suppression in the northern Yellowstone range over the past few decades. The most proximate factor found in the study was herbivory by large ungulates, such elk (Cervus elaphus) and moose (Alces alces). Elk and moose used mainly willows that have been suppressed in the past, and did not use tall or intermediate sized willows within the study site. Singer et al. propose willow numbers are being suppressed due to fire suppression and water stress. Fire suppression, over the past century, has increased the amount of trees in the area, which are creeping closer to the major willow stands, utilizing much of the water needed for willows. In addition, fire plays a key role in willow regrowth, as it can stimulate sprouting and tiller growth.
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