This article reviews evidence for the contention that chronic high densities of white-tailed deer are having multiple and substantial, deleterious ecological impacts across many regions. Deer have substantial impacts on particular herbaceous and woody species, and overall plant community structure. Further long-term monitoring of these and other species could give a much clearer view of these effects. Experimental exclosures and reintroductions coupled with models of the long-term effects of shifts in competitive relationships and community structure would also further our understanding. Furthermore, deleterious impacts on biotic communities have been noted for more than half a century; keystone species not always of high trophic status, often exert their effects through ecological interactions other than direct consumption. White-tailed deer must be accepted as a keystone herbivore in eastern forests at this time.
Citations and enhanced abstracts for journals articles and documents focused on rangeland ecology and management. RSIS is a collaboration between Montana State University, University of Idaho, and University of Wyoming.