Rangeland Ecology & Management
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- Library Collection RecordFlea beetles (Aphthona spp.) were introduced into leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)-infested rangeland in east-central North Dakota. The study objectives were to evaluate the effects of the…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- Aphthona czwalinae
- Aphthona
- Aphthona nigriscutis
- Aphthona lacertosa
- biological control
- ground cover
- Euphorbia esula
- range condition
- plant density
- biomass
- rangelands
- grasses
- North Dakota
- biological control
- Leafy spurge
- insects
- flea beetles
- range improvement
- Library Collection RecordSpotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) management may be enhanced by integrating strategies that stimulate and maintain competitive grasses. The objective of this study was to determine if…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- NPK fertilizers
- ground cover
- weed control
- plant density
- picloram
- Centaurea maculosa
- application rates
- biomass
- botanical composition
- Montana
- defoliation
- grazing
- simulation
- Centaurea maculosa
- integrated weed management
- grass defoliation
- grazing management
- Library Collection RecordA sward-based technique for quantifying the spatial heterogeneity in herbage mass and consumption was developed and tested in a bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pasture grazed by cattle. For…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- calibration
- spatial variation
- Paspalum notatum
- capacitance
- Japan
- grazing intensity
- spatial distribution
- biomass
- grazing
- beef cattle
- electronic capacitance probe
- patch grazing
- patch stability
- rate of defoliation
- spatial patterns
- Paspalum notatum
- Library Collection RecordWestern ragweed [Ambrosia psilostachya DC. ], a major forb species in mixed and tallgrass prairies, is considered to have little value for cattle grazing but is an important food item for bobwhite…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- height-weight ratio
- tallgrass prairie
- mixed prairie
- mixed pastures
- Ambrosia psilostachya
- growth curve
- rain
- Oklahoma
- plant communities
- plant density
- prairies
- biomass
- botanical composition
- plant competition
- grazing
- grasses
- Ambrosia psilostachya
- plant competition
- grazing effects
- Library Collection RecordCrested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) is an introduced grass used extensively for rangeland revegetation in the semiarid and arid regions of western North America. The long-term…Publication Date 2000-05-01
- resistance to penetration
- soil physical properties
- carbon
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- soil density
- soil properties
- British Columbia
- roots
- species diversity
- Agropyron cristatum
- nitrogen content
- biomass
- botanical composition
- infiltration
- soil compaction
- Soil C
- soil N
- penetration resistance
- aggregate stability
- root biomass
- bluebunch wheatgrass
- Library Collection RecordDecreases in biomass and cover, as well as changes in species composition have occurred on rangelands affected by snowdrifts behind 3.8 meter tall "Wyoming" type snowfences along Interstate…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- Bromus marginatus
- no-tillage
- rotary cultivation
- fences
- Elymus lanceolatus
- snow cover
- Leymus angustus
- Elymus trachycaulus
- foliage area
- revegetation plants
- Elytrigia intermedia subsp. intermedia
- Festuca arundinacea
- Deschampsia cespitosa
- Poa secunda
- soil depth
- Psathyrostachys juncea
- Agropyron cristatum
- species differences
- Pascopyrum smithii
- Wyoming
- biomass
- canopy
- Leymus chinensis
- species performance
- reclamation
- Library Collection RecordThe objective of this study was to provide a tool for maintaining a high grazing efficiency. In a rotational grazing system, the residual sward height does not provide enough information in advance…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- France
- assessment
- ewes
- heat sums
- dairy cows
- nitrogen balance
- volume determination
- controlled grazing
- stocking rate
- rotational grazing
- grazing intensity
- biomass
- plant height
- herbage height
- nitrogen
- stocking rate
- management
- dairy farms
- Library Collection RecordRunoff hydrographs from 3 separate rainfall simulation runs at 11 different shortgrass prairie sites were evaluated to determine the hydrologic similarity within a single ecosystem at widely…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- loam soils
- clay soils
- steppe soils
- range condition
- rain
- South Dakota
- runoff
- sandy loam soils
- rainfall simulators
- Texas
- prairies
- biomass
- plant litter
- rangelands
- canopy
- New Mexico
- Colorado
- runoff
- rainfall simulation
- hydrograph
- time-to-peak
- Library Collection RecordThis study examined the effects of late growing-season (September) wildfire on the subsequent production and species composition of upland Nebraska Sandhills prairie vegetation. Three paired-plots (…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- Cyperaceae
- Schizachyrium scoparium
- soil temperature
- fires
- fire effects
- Nebraska
- forbs
- plant communities
- biomass
- range management
- botanical composition
- rangelands
- grasses
- burning
- species composition
- herbage standing crop
- soil temperature
- Library Collection RecordGrazing by sheep is an accepted method of controlling tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.), but some flock members seldom eat it. Our objectives were to determine if pre-weaning exposure to tansy…Publication Date 2000-07-01
- Senecio jacobaea
- social behavior
- social facilitation
- lambs
- ewes
- weed control
- selective grazing
- biomass
- feeding preferences
- Senecio jacobaea
- training
- social facilitation
- Library Collection RecordStocking rate directly influences the frequency and intensity of defoliation of individual plants which, in turn, impacts energy flow and plant succession in grazed ecosystems. The objective of this…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- Bothriochloa saccharoides
- Aristida purpurea
- Aristida purpurea var. longiseta
- Bothriochloa
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- continuous grazing
- range condition
- ecological succession
- rain
- stocking rate
- forbs
- Oklahoma
- biomass
- botanical composition
- grasses
- beef cattle
- standing crop
- plant succession
- grazing impacts
- Bouteloua
- Aristida
- Library Collection RecordForage use data can help rangeland and wildlife managers make informed decisions. However, managers need to know if forage use techniques that are commonly used to estimate ungulate herbivory under…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- experimental plots
- height-weight curve methods
- paired-plot method
- growth curve
- regression analysis
- equations
- Cervus elaphus
- selective grazing
- Pascopyrum smithii
- biomass
- range management
- beef cattle
- forage
- plant height
- Arizona
- height-weight
- herbivory
- paired-plot
- stubble height
- Library Collection RecordAbove and below-ground biomass and necromass dynamics were assessed for 3 grassland sites located at 550, 850, and 1,025 m elevation in Sierra de la Ventana range (38 degrees 1'S 62 degrees 2…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- mycorrhizae
- dry matter partitioning
- senescence
- pampas
- particle size distribution
- water holding capacity
- soil density
- water balance
- dry matter accumulation
- roots
- root shoot ratio
- hill grasslands
- soil pH
- biomass production
- soil chemistry
- biomass
- plant litter
- seasonal variation
- Argentina
- altitude
- aboveground
- belowground
- litter
- phytomass
- productivity
- roots
- Library Collection RecordTiller recruitment is an essential process for ensuring the perenniality of grasses. The timing and extent of tiller recruitment and the role of biennial tillers must be documented for key range…Publication Date 2000-09-01
- emergence
- recruitment
- Calamovilfa longifolia
- rain
- Nebraska
- weight
- tillering
- tillers
- biomass
- seasonal variation
- warm-season grass
- tiller demography
- Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.)
- Scribn.
- grassland ecology
- population ecology/biology
- Library Collection RecordStubble height, a measure of the herbaceous vegetation remaining after grazing, has been widely used in recent years to gage the impacts of grazing use in riparian areas. Stubble height is a short-…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- riparian grasslands
- Salix
- streams
- stubble
- ecotones
- height
- riparian buffers
- regrowth
- grazing intensity
- browsing damage
- cattle
- biomass
- range management
- literature reviews
- trampling
- grazing
- livestock management
- streambanks
- trampling
- utilization
- willow
- Library Collection RecordIt was hypothesized that grazing management could mitigate grasshopper outbreaks on native rangeland in the northern Great Plains. Key practices would require deliberate variation in timing and…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- Melanoplus sanguinipes
- opeia obscura
- encoptolophus costalis
- melanoplus gladstoni
- Acrididae
- heat sums
- life cycle
- insect control
- population density
- continuous grazing
- Agropyron cristatum
- mortality
- rain
- rotational grazing
- prairies
- biomass
- range management
- canopy
- North Dakota
- grasshopper management
- twice-over grazing system
- rotational grazing
- Menaloplus sanguinipes
- Library Collection RecordPredictive equations for estimating shrub biomass in semi-arid scrub ecosystems are essential for evaluating shrub encroachment, conducting ecosystem-level studies of net primary productivity (NPP)…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- Larrea divaricata
- Chuquiraga
- prosopis flexuosa
- Geoffroea decorticans
- larrea nitida
- larrea cuneifolia
- semiarid grasslands
- stems
- prediction
- equations
- shrubs
- biomass
- Argentina
- dry matter
- plant height
- Semi-arid scrub
- Larrea
- shrub biomass
- Monte
- Argentina
- Library Collection RecordAssessment of standing crop on grasslands using a visual obstruction technique provides valuable information to help plan livestock grazing management and indicate the status of wildlife habitat. The…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- stand density
- data collection
- errors
- lowlands
- grasslands
- Nebraska
- sampling
- biomass
- range management
- grasses
- plant height
- Residual cover
- grassland structure
- regression model
- wildlife habitats
- Robel pole
- Nebraska Sandhills
- Library Collection RecordWe describe a method of close-range vertical photography and digital image analysis for measuring changes in total projective cover in perennial tussock grasslands of semi-arid Australia. Repeated…Publication Date 2000-11-01
- grassland condition
- Themeda triandra
- photography
- Western Australia
- ground photogrammetry
- ground cover
- image analysis
- semiarid grasslands
- accuracy
- estimation
- fires
- fire effects
- biomass
- bunchgrass
- northwest Australia
- permanent quadrats
- prescribed burning
- rangelands
- Themeda triandra Forsskal
- Library Collection RecordAssessment of herbaceous standing crop in heterogeneous range plant communities requires large numbers of samples to account for inherent variability. The dry-weight-rank method (DWR) was developed…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- mixed prairie
- ranking
- rapid methods
- Juniperus pinchotii
- Prosopis glandulosa
- stand characteristics
- estimation
- sampling
- Texas
- prairies
- biomass
- botanical composition
- dry matter
- botanical composition
- estimation
- landscapes
- standing crop proportion
- Library Collection RecordRotational stocking is a component of intensive pasture management and involves the systematic movement of animals among paddocks to optimize harvest of digestible nutrients. The optimum period of…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- body fat
- carcass quality
- Nova Scotia
- seasonal cycle
- yellow fat
- intensive livestock farming
- Trifolium
- frequency
- liveweight gain
- finishing
- rotational grazing
- biomass
- botanical composition
- beef cattle
- average daily gain
- period of stay
- repeated measures
- rotational grazing
- white clover
- yellow fat
- Library Collection RecordSpotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) is a non-indigenous weed that has invaded millions of hectares of rangeland in the United States. Mowing may be useful for reducing this weed. Our objective…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- flowering
- mowing
- timing
- autumn
- weed control
- rain
- seedlings
- cutting frequency
- spring
- summer
- plant density
- Centaurea maculosa
- biomass
- plant litter
- introduced species
- Montana
- invasive species
- canopy
- grasses
- Centaurea maculosa
- density
- cover
- weed control
- Library Collection RecordWe evaluated the visual obstruction method as a non-destructive means of estimating herbage standing crop in tallgrass prairie. Prediction models were developed for both plot-level and pasture-level…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- rapid methods
- nondestructive methods
- visual estimation
- seral stages
- estimation
- fires
- fire effects
- prescribed burning
- sampling
- Oklahoma
- grazing intensity
- prairies
- biomass
- non-destructive sampling
- ocular estimation
- prescribed burning
- Robel pole
- Library Collection RecordThe effects of animal age and sex on chemical and botanical composition of diets of cattle grazing native rangelands were evaluated in a 2-year study. Samples were collected monthly from June through…Publication Date 2001-01-01
- silty soils
- claypan soils
- age differences
- calves
- gender differences
- rain
- chemical composition
- selective grazing
- diet
- heifers
- beef cows
- steers
- crude protein
- natural grasslands
- shrubs
- in vitro digestibility
- biomass
- seasonal variation
- botanical composition
- grasses
- diet selection
- beef cattle
- calf
- steer
- heifer
- Library Collection RecordTwo grazing trials were conducted during early winter (December 1996-January 1997) and spring (April-May 1997) to evaluate the effect of shape of pasture on forage use and behavior of grazing sheep (…Publication Date 2001-03-01
- Italy
- chemical composition
- pastures
- winter
- animal behavior
- spring
- feeding behavior
- voluntary intake
- Mediterranean climate
- selective grazing
- use efficiency
- sward destruction
- shape
- protein intake
- energy intake
- grazing intensity
- sheep
- biomass
- forage
- dry matter
- diet choice
- space pattern
- grazing management
- Library Collection RecordAlthough the maintenance of biodiversity has become one of the goals in ecosystem management, the relationships of diversity to ecosystem characteristics such as level of herbivory, productivity, and…Publication Date 2001-03-01
- Lycopodiaceae
- species eveness
- grassland condition
- ground cover
- species diversity
- Saskatchewan
- forbs
- biomass
- range management
- plant litter
- botanical composition
- grasses
- plant height
- biomass
- litter
- sward structure
- Saskatchewan
- Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
- Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN)
- Library Collection RecordA disclimax stand of Canadian bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.) was heavily grazed by cattle and horses for 4 years to weaken the grass's competition with hardwoods important…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- Calamagrostis canadensis
- Epilobium angustifolium
- rhizomes
- plant development
- wildlife
- viability
- competitive ability
- carbohydrates
- browse plants
- seed weight
- seed productivity
- shoots
- Alaska
- horses
- weight
- woody plants
- digestibility
- cattle
- nitrogen content
- biomass
- phenology
- plant competition
- grazing
- trampling
- chemical constituents of plants
- Calamagrostis canadensis
- overstocking
- forage quality
- boreal forests
- Library Collection RecordRiparian meadows in central Nevada are highly productive and have been extensively utilized for livestock grazing. Consequently, many have been severely degraded resulting in changes in species…Publication Date 2001-05-01
- soil air
- aeration
- sulfur-coated urea
- rooting
- riparian grasslands
- growth periods
- ground cover
- spatial variation
- reclamation
- species diversity
- temporal variation
- species differences
- cutting
- nitrogen
- biomass production
- plant communities
- land restoration
- overgrazing
- application rates
- establishment
- biomass
- botanical composition
- Nevada
- Nitrogen addition
- clipping
- aeration
- revegetation
- species composition
- water table
- Library Collection RecordRecent increases in elk (Cervus elaphus L.) herbivory and changes in hydrology towards drier conditions have contributed to declines in willow (Salix spp. L.) communities in the winter ranges for elk…Publication Date 2001-07-01
- ecosystems
- Salix
- sloping land
- biogeochemical cycles
- nutrient availability
- shoots
- plant ecology
- soil fertility
- Cervus elaphus
- winter
- nitrogen
- herbivores
- plant communities
- biomass
- browsing
- Colorado
- willow
- Salix
- Carex
- litterfall
- litter decomposition
- nitrogen availability
- Library Collection RecordA study of liveweight changes of alpaca adult males, females, and their progeny, was conducted through 3 seasons under continuous grazing on natural grasslands on the Mediterranean range of the…Publication Date 1998-09-01
- Chile
- alpacas
- growth curve
- fleece weight
- staple
- age differences
- weight losses
- protein content
- liveweight gain
- gender differences
- body weight
- Mediterranean climate
- metabolizable energy
- crude protein
- growth rate
- biomass
- botanical composition
- grazing
- Library Collection RecordJapanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), introduced annuals, have invaded many northern mixed-prairie plant communities. This study determined the effect of…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- density
- interspecific competition
- Bromus japonicus
- ambient temperature
- rain
- Bromus tectorum
- weight
- Pascopyrum smithii
- tillering
- tillers
- biomass
- Montana
- grazing
- forage
- Library Collection RecordJapanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) has invaded many northern mixed prairie communities. Understanding how defoliation affects the life cycle or this species is critical for proper grazing…Publication Date 1999-07-01
- greenhouse production
- cutting height
- Bromus japonicus
- annuals
- leaves
- height
- shoots
- water availability
- root systems
- weed control
- cutting frequency
- tillering
- tillers
- climatic zones
- biomass
- plant litter
- Montana
- Library Collection RecordLow larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz.) is a toxic range plant that is often fatal to cattle when ingested during spring or early summer on foothill or mountain rangelands. Grazing trials near…Publication Date 1999-07-01
- developmental stages
- cows
- poisoning
- calves
- stocking rate
- grazing intensity
- biomass
- phenology
- feeding preferences
- Delphinium
- Library Collection RecordWall barley (Hordeum murinum L.) is the dominant species in northeastern rangeland of Jordan that decreases under grazing. We investigated the responses of wall barley to clipping time and height…Publication Date 1999-05-01
- cutting height
- Hordeum murinum
- jointing
- booting
- Weeds
- Jordan
- cutting date
- yields
- rain
- seeds
- tillering
- biomass
- seasonal variation
- plant height
- maturity stage
- Library Collection RecordThe objective of this study was to compare intermediate wheatgrass establishment at 4 seeding rates, in combination with tillage and/or glyphosate (n-phosphomethyl glyine), in spotted knapweed…Publication Date 1999-01-01
- cultivation
- Elytrigia intermedia subsp. intermedia
- glyphosate
- crop-weed competition
- stand establishment
- sowing rates
- plant density
- Centaurea maculosa
- biomass
- introduced species
- Montana
- Library Collection RecordAshe juniper (Juniperus ashei Buchh.) is increasing in density and areal coverage on the Edwards Plateau of Texas. This is causing changes in community leaf area that could impact the ecosystem water…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- area
- Juniperus ashei
- leaf area
- leaves
- water balance
- stems
- estimation
- Texas
- biomass
- canopy
- plant height
- Library Collection RecordTwo small-plot grazing trials were conducted in the spring of 1996 and the winter of 1997 to determine whether sheep would differentially graze fourwing saltbush [Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.] on…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- Atriplex canescens
- gender differences
- palatability
- dioecy
- winter
- spring
- sheep
- biomass
- grazing
- feeding preferences
- Library Collection RecordPreventing the invasion of uninfested rangeland is central to managing spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.). Intensity, frequency, and season of grass defoliation determine the ability of…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- cutting height
- Festuca idahoensis
- ground cover
- cutting frequency
- tillering
- plant density
- Centaurea maculosa
- biomass
- range management
- introduced species
- Montana
- plant competition
- Library Collection RecordCombustion products of burning vegetation can increase seed germination of many species of fire-prone plant communities. We tested the influence of heating sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.)…Publication Date 1998-09-01
- soil heating
- greenhouses
- smoking
- leaves
- mineral content
- roots
- seedling emergence
- shoots
- fires
- fire effects
- seed germination
- biomass
- grasses
- Library Collection RecordAn experiment with beef cows grazing Mediterranean-type grassland was conducted to study the effect of grazing deferment at the beginning of the growing season on pasture productivity and animal…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- poultry manure
- calving rate
- replacement rate
- Israel
- weaning weight
- controlled grazing
- production costs
- continuous grazing
- duration
- stocking rate
- Mediterranean climate
- beef cows
- conception rate
- energy intake
- feed supplements
- biomass
- range management
- grazing
- feed intake
- Library Collection RecordAn understanding of overstory-understory relationships in southwestern oak woodlands is important for predicting response of these systems to disturbance or manipulation. The objective of this study…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- Quercus emoryi
- Magnoliopsida
- C4 grasses
- C3 grasses
- understory
- woodland grasslands
- rain
- Poaceae
- biomass
- canopy
- grasses
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordIn continuous grazing systems the amount of herbage and its quality is a matter of primary concern. However, at moderate stocking, cattle grazing usually leads to the generation of patches differing…Publication Date 1998-11-01
- areas
- patches
- density
- Festuca arundinacea
- continuous grazing
- stocking rate
- pastures
- cattle
- nitrogen content
- biomass
- Argentina
- grazing
- feeding preferences
- plant height
- Library Collection RecordChronic overgrazing in the central Andes alters vegetation and may cause erosion and loss of productivity, but quantitative studies are lacking. We measured the relative influence of environmental…Publication Date 1999-09-01
- transhumance
- socioeconomic
- soil organic matter
- grazing time
- ground cover
- controlled grazing
- species diversity
- range condition
- dry seasons
- wet season
- slope
- aspect
- stocking rate
- mountain grasslands
- precipitation
- sheep
- biomass
- Argentina
- botanical composition
- altitude
- Library Collection RecordThe long-term sustainability of pasture management systems, whether related to structural stability or nutrient dynamics, is dependent upon maintaining soil biological properties. This study…Publication Date 2000-01-01
- arylsulfatase
- alkaline phosphatase
- acid phosphatase
- microorganisms
- Manitoba
- livestock numbers
- carbon
- enzyme activity
- sown grasslands
- continuous grazing
- stocking rate
- rotational grazing
- nitrogen content
- biomass
- soil water
- Library Collection RecordGrazing behavior of livestock may be altered when grass swards are lodged by trampling or wind and rain. We used a balanced change-over design to investigate the effects of lodging on the ingestive…Publication Date 1999-09-01
- lodging
- Festuca arundinacea
- biting rates
- animal preferences
- feeding behavior
- selective grazing
- beef cows
- tillers
- grazing intensity
- plant density
- biomass
- dry matter
- plant height
- Library Collection RecordThe objective of this study was to determine if leaf area index (LAI) or visual obstruction (VO) could be used in an efficient double-sampling format for estimating total above-ground standing crop…Publication Date 1999-09-01
- equipment
- stand density
- measurements
- range condition
- leaf area index
- stocking rate
- Nebraska
- grazing intensity
- biomass
- rangelands
- Library Collection RecordCarefully-managed livestock grazing has been offered as a tool to improve the forage quality of graminoids on big game winter range. Formal testing of this theory has thus far been done using hand…Publication Date 2000-01-01
- Festuca idahoensis
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- Carex geyeri
- stems
- Carex
- savannas
- Cervus elaphus
- rain
- stocking rate
- Oregon
- crude protein
- shrubs
- sheep
- in vitro digestibility
- biomass
- canopy
- grazing
- forage
- Library Collection RecordA study was conducted in foothill rangelands during the fall to determine if livestock grazing distribution could be improved by strategic placement of dehydrated molasses supplement blocks (30%…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- terrain
- salt licks
- molasses
- weather
- hill grasslands
- protein content
- liveweight gain
- body weight
- slope
- feed supplements
- spatial distribution
- biomass
- Montana
- grazing
- beef cattle
- plant height
- Library Collection RecordBurning of vegetation generally increases surface runoff and erosion and potentially can change the nutrient dynamics of an ecosystem with loss of nutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium…Publication Date 1999-11-01
- nitrogen
- runoff
- prescribed burning
- sandy loam soils
- potassium
- rainfall simulators
- gravelly soils
- phosphorus
- biomass
- losses from soil
- range management
- plant litter
- Arizona
- Library Collection RecordIdaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer), a palatable native perennial bunchgrass, has persisted on degraded sagebrush-steppe despite invasion by alien plants, excessive livestock grazing, and…Publication Date 1999-03-01
- stress factors
- Bromus
- Festuca idahoensis
- disturbed soils
- competitive ability
- steppes
- rain
- seedlings
- Oregon
- plant communities
- seed germination
- temperature
- biomass
- botanical composition
- altitude