Gilbert et al. looked at the habitat requirements for nesting ducks, and how management practices effect nesting density and success on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge (MVNWR) in southern Colorado. Cattle grazing, in a rest-rotation system (1 year on 3 years off), was practiced on the MVNWR from 1977-1990. Nest success of all species of ducks showed a negative correlation with grazing intensity. Rested pastures, that were grazed at 0.4 AUM/ha the year prior, saw a decrease in nests by 55% as compared to a decrease of 38% in pastures grazed at 0.2 AUM/ha the year prior. Gilbert et al. stated that thick and tall vegetation with a substantial litter layer is optimal for nesting ducks. Grazing can be an effective management tool when vegetation gets so thick that it blocks direct sun to the soil surface and impedes new plant growth.
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