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This study examines the projected impacts of climate change on drought in the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), Australia, a vital groundwater resource for agriculture, industry, and ecosystems, which is increasingly vulnerable to prolonged droughts and climate variability. Using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data and CMIP5/CMIP6 climate model simulations, the analysis, based on scenarios RCP2.6, RCP6.0, SSP126, and SSP370, reveals increasing drought severity, particularly under high-emission scenarios. The integration of GRACE-derived Total Water Storage (TWS) anomalies with climate projections enhances drought forecasting, highlighting critical drought hotspots in southern and central GAB regions. These findings underscore the importance of adaptive water management strategies, such as managed aquifer recharge, and the role of satellite-based observations in improving water resource sustainability in the face of climate change.