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In 1848 early Intermountain explorer John Freemont portrayed the valleys in the Great Basin as �sterile� and characterized this landscape as, �...no wood, no water, no grass, the gloomy artemisia the prevailing shrub...�. �This unenthusiastic perception of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) continued through the first half of the 21st century as land managers struggled to reduce the dominance of sagebrush, frequently described as a weed, and increase desirable herbaceous grasses. �The pendulum changed direction in the 1970�s with the passage of several environmental laws and a growing recognition of the ecological values of sagebrush. Increasing losses of sagebrush due to wildfires and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) contributed to a change in management priorities away from removing to restoring sagebrush across the Great Basin. � �The majority of sagebrush applied by the Bureau of Land Management is aerially seeded the fall or winter following a wildfire. �Using this technique, large acreages can be economically seeded yielding variable results. �In general, marginal results are more common in the lower elevation Wyoming big sagebrush biome. Establishment is improved when using ground-based seeding equipment that firms the seedbed and utilizing local seed sources. �Another challenge is prioritizing burned areas for sagebrush seeding given the increase in rangeland mega-fires and management emphasis on conserving and restoring Greater Sage-Grouse habitat. �A landscape scale procedure (Fire and Invasive Assessment Tool) was developed by the management agencies and the research community to prioritize post-fire rehabilitation in Greater Sage-Grouse habitat using resistance to invasive annual grasses and resilience after disturbance concepts.