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The estimated number of tsessebes on a cattle and wildlife ranch in Zimbabwe decreased during 1995-1999 from 2209 to 435 animals. Existing records of rainfall, cattle management, wildlife numbers, captures, hunting and predation were analysed and, together with a demographic model and limited fieldwork, used to identify the probable cause of this decline. There was no convincing evidence that cheetah predation, excessive legal or illegal offtakes, a food shortage as a direct consequence of the 1994/1995 drought, or interspecific competition with wild herbivores were likely causes. After the 1991/1992 drought, tsessebe number was negatively correlated with cattle biomass, suggesting that cattle and tsessebe have competed for food since then. Two factors probably caused a long-lasting reduction in the dry-season availability of green grass leaf (the preferred food of tsessebe). First, drought and heavy grazing pressure by cattle may have shifted sward composition away from leafy grasses and towards grass species with small, wiry leaves. Secondly, while shrub encroachment has been occurring for decades, the 1991/1992 drought probably encouraged the establishment of another cohort of bushes, which now compete with grasses for soil moisture, reducing the water available for grass growth during the dry season. The competition between tsessebe and cattle was masked by significant cattle destocking during 1992-1995, but became apparent after 1995 when cattle numbers were increased. This competition was exaggerated by a general decline, since 1994, in rainfall during September-October, which further reduced the late dry season supply of green grass.